Inca religion was one of the main concerns of the Spanish Conquerors since their arrival to the new world, understanding it was vital  to successfully convert the population into Catholicism. However, despite of their genuine interest they created an impartial view of Andean religion since they tried to understand it from the Catholic point of view. They identified Inca religion as heretic and as the work of the devil. From Inca mythical stories they selected those Inca divinities closer to the Catholic god and those unnecessary gods that were going to be defeated by the conquest. Under these premises they embarked into the conversion of the Inca population to Cristianity.

Through the study of Inca tradition, chroniclers were able to document the Inca view of the cosmos. The creation and design of the cosmos as well as of time, space and humankind was the works of the gods.

The Inca population believed that each crop had a protective spirit named conopas. Conopas were the best proceeds of the crop which was set aside in order to offer it to the gods during a special ceremony. They believed that by offering it to the gods future crops would maximize their yields. For instance,  the conopa of maize would be called saramama (mother of the maize), of potato, papamama, of coca, cocamama and so on.  Domestic animals also had a protective spirit called illas. Illas were miniature representation of animals made of stone which were buried in pens or barn yarns with the hope of continued reproduction.

The Incas had an immense amount of deities or gods. They lived in heaven and on earth and each of them had a purpose which determined its hierarchy. The Inca population believed that some gods specially the anthropomorphous gods had a human behavior pattern; they felt hatred, love, compassion or any other human feeling. Incas believed that natural phenomena were caused by gods so it was important to keep them happy or disasters could happen. Holy places or temples known as huacas were the places where Incas made their offerings to their gods. Garcilaso de la Vega, a Spanish chronicler, noted that the Peruvians seemed to worship a large number of animals and inanimate objects, from grasses, flowers, high hills, rocks to monkeys and dogs. The Incas also believed in after life.

The Incas were a very religious people; their religious beliefs were deeply embedded in their lives, everything they did had a religious meaning. The Incas were tolerant of the beliefs of the people they conquered as long as they venerated Inca deities above all their gods, they even incorporated gods from other cultures. As a result, the Inca religion was a large melting pot of beliefs. Since the Sapa Inca was a god, religion and government were in many ways intertwined.

Inti

Inti or Punchao, the sun, was the supreme god and the most important deity in the Inca Civilization. Inti was the father of the Sapa Inca who represented him on earth and shared its sacredness. One of the most important festivities celebrating the Sun was the Inti Raymi which took place on June 24th during the winter solstice. According to chroniclers, there is evidence that the cult to the god Inti was an elitist cult restricted to the high classes as he was the father of the Sapa Inca ethnic family.

To honor Inti the Incas built magnificent temples in major administrative centers. The most important was the Coricancha in the city of Cusco. This temple was restricted to the Cusco elite. Priests looked after these temples and made sacrifices to the gods. Young women called aclla served as priestesses, they wove the finest clothes for the Sapa Inca and prepared food for the gods, the most beautiful were sacrificed. They built other temples known as ushnu, the most important one is the Aucaypata located in what today is the central plaza in the city of Cusco. In the Aucaypata they celebrated massive ceremonies in honor of Inti where curacas from other regions were invited.

Mama Quilla

Mama Quilla, the moon, was the sun’s wife, sister and mother of the Incas, she was represented by the Coya. Mama Quilla was believed to protect women and was worshiped along with Inti in the Coricancha temple, there were four smaller chapels devoted to her.

Viracocha

The god Viracocha was the creator, most powerful god, he created the sun, moon, sea, earth and people. Viracocha emerged from the deep waters of Lake Titicaca to sort out the world. He placed the moon and the sun creating light and darkness, then he created the first human couple Manco Capac and Mama Ocllo. When his job was completed he walked away getting lost in the ocean. Unlike the other Inca gods Viracocha was abstract, he was not represented in nature and lived in the heavens.

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List of important Inca Gods:

Viracocha	The creator, he created the Sun and the Moon.
Inti	The Sun and most important god in Inca religion, he ruled above all others.
Mama Quilla	Mother Moon, wife of Inti
Illapa	God of Weather. Thunder and war
Ekkeko	God of wealth
Imahmana Viracocha	Son of Viracocha. Sent to the earth by his father to verify people follow his commands.
Apu	Mountain God
Mama Cocha or Cochamama	Mother Sea
Chasca	Goddess of the dawn and the dusk, protector of young girls
Supay	God of Death
Coco Mama	Goddess of Health and Happiness
Urcaquary	God of treasures and buried riches
Pariacaca	God of Rain and Water.
Mama Oello	The mother goddess of the Incas, she taught the Incas spinning.
Zaramama	Goddess of Grain and Corn
Mama Pacha or Pachamama	Goddess of the Earth

The following books were used as bibliographical sources:

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More about the Inca Civilization

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The Inca Empire and its origin

According to Inca tradition there are two myths explaining the origin of the Incas, the myth of Lake Titicaca and the myth of the Ayar brothers.

Inca expansion and its government

The government was highly organized without the benefits of a writing system. In order to control the population of such a vast territory they created laws that were rigidly enforced.

The Inca and its family

The Sapa Inca was polygamous and he usually married his sister who was his most important wife, she was known as the Coya.

Society in the Inca Empire

Society in the Andes was built around the ayllu. All its members had some kind of family ties, like an extended family. They all believed they were descendants of a common ancestor.

Cusco, the City of the Puma

The inner city of Cusco was laid out in the shape of a puma whose head was the fortress of Sacsahuaman. His body was shaped by the rivers Tulumayo and Huatanay and his tail was where both rivers meet in a place known as Pumaq Chupan.

Economy of the Inca Empire

Collective labor was the base for economic productivity and for the creation of social wealth in the Inca society.

Roads and Chasquis

Because the Inca Empire controlled such a vast territory they needed a way to communicate with all the corners of the empire. They set up a network of messengers known as Chasquis.

Inti Raymi, the celebration of the Sun

The Inti Raymi was prohibited by the Spanish during the conquest and colony claiming that it was a pagan ceremony and not in compliance with the Catholic religion.

The fall of the Inca Empire

A long civil war between brothers Huascar and Atahualpa and disease brought by the Spaniards from Europe contributed to the rapid decline of the empire.

Travel Peru – Cusco

It is estimated that around 1.5 million tourists visit Cusco every year, Machu Picchu and the city of Cusco have become the main tourist attractions in Peru and one of the most visited in South America.

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